{"id":3707,"date":"2015-08-25T08:00:05","date_gmt":"2015-08-25T12:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dougsbriefcase.com\/blog\/?p=3707"},"modified":"2015-08-25T08:36:51","modified_gmt":"2015-08-25T12:36:51","slug":"on-wind-and-eagles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dougsbriefcase.com\/blog\/on-wind-and-eagles\/","title":{"rendered":"On Wind And Eagles"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>

\"Citing<\/a>

Cit\u00ading poten\u00adtial dam\u00adage to pro\u00adtect\u00aded species, a fed\u00ader\u00adal judge recent\u00adly put a crimp in the Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion\u2019s forced march toward wind ener\u00adgy. [Cred\u00adit: Dai\u00adly Mail]<\/p><\/div>Two strains of envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adism col\u00adlid\u00aded in a fed\u00ader\u00adal court\u00adroom this month, pit\u00adting pro\u00adtec\u00adtors of bald and gold\u00aden eagles against advo\u00adcates of the Oba\u00adma Administration\u2019s forced march toward wind power.\n

The eagles won.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nur\u00adtured by gov\u00adern\u00adment reg\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion, hun\u00addreds of ini\u00adtia\u00adtives<\/a> pro\u00admot\u00ading renew\u00adable ener\u00adgy scat\u00adtered across 23 fed\u00ader\u00adal agen\u00adcies, $6 bil\u00adlion<\/a> in fed\u00ader\u00adal hand\u00adouts in 2013 alone, and var\u00adi\u00adous indi\u00adrect costs<\/a> con\u00adcealed in util\u00adi\u00adty bills, wind tur\u00adbines now account for 4 per\u00adcent of U.S. elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty pro\u00adduc\u00adtion.  That\u2019s up from just 0.1 per\u00adcent at the advent of the mil\u00adlen\u00adni\u00adum, reflect\u00ading an annu\u00adal growth rate of near\u00adly 30 percent.<\/p>\n

No oth\u00ader gov\u00adern\u00adment-favored form of ener\u00adgy has seen such prodi\u00adgious growth.  Despite sub\u00adstan\u00adtial sub\u00adsi\u00addies, solar remains stuck at 0.2 per\u00adcent of elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty pro\u00adduc\u00adtion.  Bio\u00admass gen\u00ader\u00adates a small and declin\u00ading share of elec\u00adtric pow\u00ader, while out\u00adputs from geot\u00adher\u00admal and bio\u00adfu\u00adels scarce\u00adly register.<\/p>\n

The Oba\u00adma Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion is all in for wind, push\u00ading for its share of elec\u00adtri\u00adcal out\u00adput to more than dou\u00adble to 10 per\u00adcent over the next five years.  By 2030, the Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion hopes that gov\u00adern\u00adment inter\u00adven\u00adtion will again dou\u00adble wind\u2019s share to 20 per\u00adcent<\/a> of elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty pro\u00adduc\u00adtion, and help lift it to 35 per\u00adcent by mid-century.<\/p>\n

Those ambi\u00adtious tar\u00adgets hit an unex\u00adpect\u00aded snag this month when a fed\u00ader\u00adal judge void\u00aded<\/a> a plan by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser\u00advice (FWS<\/span>) to issue 30-year per\u00admits allow\u00ading wind gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion com\u00adpa\u00adnies to \u201ctake\u201d \u2013 that is to say, kill \u2013 unlim\u00adit\u00aded num\u00adbers of eagles.  Judge Lucy Koh, an Oba\u00adma appointee, declared that in its zeal to ben\u00ade\u00adfit investors in the bur\u00adgeon\u00ading wind indus\u00adtry, the gov\u00adern\u00adment act\u00aded improp\u00ader\u00adly by not under\u00adtak\u00ading envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal impact stud\u00adies to assess the toll that wind tur\u00adbines take on fly\u00ading creatures.<\/p>\n

That toll is sub\u00adstan\u00adtial.  A study<\/a> pub\u00adlished in 2013 in the Wildlife Soci\u00adety Bul\u00adletin<\/em> esti\u00admat\u00aded that wind tur\u00adbines killed 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds (includ\u00ading 83,000 rap\u00adtors) in 2012. That num\u00adber can be expect\u00aded to grow as wind farms pro\u00adlif\u00ader\u00adate.  By one esti\u00admate, the President\u2019s plan for wind ener\u00adgy would require that wind tur\u00adbines even\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly occu\u00adpy 54,000 square miles<\/a>,<\/span> an area about the size of New York State.<\/p>\n

That pro\u00adlif\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion, how\u00adev\u00ader, requires the gov\u00adern\u00adment to relax its scru\u00adples about pro\u00adtect\u00ading wildlife.  The Oba\u00adma Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion rec\u00adog\u00adnized that almost imme\u00addi\u00adate\u00adly upon tak\u00ading office, Koh observed in her rul\u00ading.  In Sep\u00adtem\u00adber 2009, FWS<\/span> pro\u00admul\u00adgat\u00aded a rule that for the first time allowed the \u201ctake\u201d of bald and gold\u00aden eagles \u201cwhere the take is not the pur\u00adpose of the activ\u00adi\u00adty but is a fore\u00adsee\u00adable con\u00adse\u00adquence of that activ\u00adi\u00adty.\u201d  Under the rule, wind gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion com\u00adpa\u00adnies could obtain five-year permits.<\/p>\n

That wasn\u2019t good enough for the indus\u00adtry.  Its lob\u00adby\u00adists com\u00adplained to the Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion that some investors were reluc\u00adtant to back wind gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion projects because they feared that FWS<\/span> might not renew the per\u00admits after the ini\u00adtial five-year peri\u00adod.  They pressed the agency to issue 30-year per\u00admits \u2013 effec\u00adtive\u00adly giv\u00ading the com\u00adpa\u00adnies license to destroy wildlife through\u00adout the life of a project.<\/p>\n

The Oba\u00adma Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion oblig\u00aded them in 2012.  Koh notes in her opin\u00adion that most FWS<\/span> offi\u00adcials object\u00aded to grant\u00adi\u00adng 30-year per\u00admits, with the rule\u2019s author say\u00ading it was a \u201cno-brain\u00ader\u201d that it could not be issued with\u00adout first assess\u00ading its envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal effects. She called the deci\u00adsion to pro\u00admul\u00adgate the rule absent such analy\u00adsis a \u201ctrain wreck\u201d that \u201cno one could be proud of.\u201d<\/p>\n

But weeks before the elec\u00adtion, FWS<\/span> Direc\u00adtor Dan Ashe over\u00adruled staff rec\u00adom\u00admen\u00adda\u00adtions and ordered pub\u00adli\u00adca\u00adtion of the rule with\u00adout cal\u00adcu\u00adlat\u00ading its envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal impact.  That prompt\u00aded envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal groups and Indi\u00adan tribes to file a law\u00adsuit (Shear\u00adwa\u00adter v. Ashe<\/em>). Gov\u00adern\u00adment and indus\u00adtry lob\u00adby\u00adists respond\u00aded to the law\u00adsuit by argu\u00ading that 30-year per\u00admits were \u201cnec\u00ades\u00adsary for the future of wind development.\u201d<\/p>\n

Koh ruled against them.  \u201cThe agency has failed to ade\u00adquate\u00adly address con\u00adcerns raised by its own experts,\u201d she wrote.  The record, she observed, indi\u00adcates \u201cthat the Final 30-Year Rule may have high\u00adly con\u00adtro\u00adver\u00adsial envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal effects\u201d and FWS<\/span> \u201chas failed to cite expert opin\u00adion to the con\u00adtrary.\u201d  Giv\u00aden those facts, Koh con\u00adclud\u00aded, \u201cthe agency action should be set aside.\u201d<\/p>\n

The case is an illu\u00admi\u00adnat\u00ading study of the envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal move\u00admen\u00adt\u2019s evo\u00adlu\u00adtion.  The gov\u00adern\u00adment first act\u00aded to pro\u00adtect the bald eagle in 1940 because, the Supreme Court sub\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly explained, it is \u201cnot a mere bird of bio\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal inter\u00adest but a sym\u00adbol of the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan ideals of free\u00addom.\u201d  Pro\u00adtec\u00adtion against the tak\u00ading of gold\u00aden eagles was extend\u00aded in 1962 because \u201cthe gold\u00aden eagle is an impor\u00adtant part of the cer\u00ade\u00admonies and reli\u00adgion of many Indi\u00adan tribes.\u201d  Both species were pro\u00adtect\u00aded against \u201ctak\u00ading\u201d because of the sym\u00adbol\u00adic val\u00adue they held for humans<\/p>\n

That same year, Rachel Car\u00adson pub\u00adlished Silent Spring<\/em>,<\/span> a book that pro\u00adfound\u00adly affect\u00aded pop\u00adu\u00adlar under\u00adstand\u00ading of the rela\u00adtion\u00adship between man and the envi\u00adron\u00adment.  For Car\u00adson, humans were a pow\u00ader\u00adful and dan\u00adger\u00adous force, whose inter\u00adven\u00adtions in nature too often had dele\u00adte\u00adri\u00adous, if unin\u00adten\u00adtion\u00adal, results.  Envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adism took a turn toward the apoc\u00ada\u00adlyp\u00adtic. Hence\u00adforth, the pre\u00advail\u00ading nar\u00adra\u00adtive would cast human beings as nature\u2019s ene\u00admies.  Government\u2019s role was to restrain its cit\u00adi\u00adzens from destroy\u00ading nature, which was viewed as frag\u00adile and per\u00adpet\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly men\u00adaced by the human species.<\/p>\n

This mind\u00adset ani\u00admat\u00aded the Endan\u00adgered Species Act<\/a>.  Hence\u00adforth, the fed\u00ader\u00adal gov\u00adern\u00adment, whose com\u00adpe\u00adtence in con\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adtion\u00adal\u00adly enu\u00admer\u00adat\u00aded mat\u00adters is sus\u00adpect, would super\u00advise evo\u00adlu\u00adtion, pre\u00adserv\u00ading species that oth\u00ader\u00adwise would van\u00adish.  \u201cSur\u00advival of the fittest,\u201d a phrase said to dis\u00adtill Darwin\u2019s core the\u00adsis, was replaced with \u201csur\u00advival of the regulated.\u201d<\/p>\n

The now durable notion that man is a tox\u00adic force took a fur\u00adther turn with the notion that human beings were pos\u00ading an exis\u00adten\u00adtial threat, not mere\u00adly to cer\u00adtain species, but to the plan\u00adet itself.  Some sci\u00aden\u00adtists argued that human activ\u00adi\u00adty would pre\u00adcip\u00adi\u00adtate a new Ice Age<\/a>.  But an over\u00adwhelm\u00ading major\u00adi\u00adty of sci\u00aden\u00adtists have come to believe that humans are caus\u00ading glob\u00adal tem\u00adper\u00ada\u00adtures to rise, effec\u00adtive\u00adly threat\u00aden\u00ading to end the world as we know it.<\/p>\n

This view has moti\u00advat\u00aded gov\u00adern\u00adments in the U.S. and EU<\/span> to employ a mix\u00adture of coer\u00adcion and induce\u00adments to com\u00adpel the replace\u00adment of car\u00adbon-based ener\u00adgy pro\u00adduc\u00adtion with more cost\u00adly and less reli\u00adable tech\u00adnolo\u00adgies.  It was per\u00adhaps inevitable that this new envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adism would at some point clash with its antecedents in the Endan\u00adgered Species Act.<\/p>\n

Nor is it clear how that con\u00adflict will ulti\u00admate\u00adly be resolved.  Is it more impor\u00adtant to pre\u00adserve birds, rap\u00adtors, bats and oth\u00ader liv\u00ading things or save the plan\u00adet itself by replac\u00ading fos\u00adsil-based elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty with wind and solar pow\u00ader (which car\u00adries envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal risks<\/a> of its own)?<\/p>\n

The Oba\u00adma Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion has cho\u00adsen sides, though one of its judi\u00adcial appointees has dealt it at least a tem\u00adpo\u00adrary set\u00adback.  In advanc\u00ading the inter\u00adests of the wind indus\u00adtry, it argued that the con\u00adcerns expressed by envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adists about the 30-year rule were \u201ctoo broad, spec\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtive, or con\u00adjec\u00adtur\u00adal to lend them\u00adselves to mean\u00ading\u00adful analysis.\u201d<\/p>\n

Judge Koh reject\u00aded that argu\u00adment and on good grounds: the car\u00adnage inflict\u00aded by wind tur\u00adbines is any\u00adthing but spec\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtive or con\u00adjec\u00adtur\u00adal.  While the ques\u00adtion of bal\u00adanc\u00ading the inter\u00adests of pro\u00adtect\u00aded species against the pre\u00adsumed dan\u00adgers of cli\u00admate change is nec\u00ades\u00adsar\u00adi\u00adly com\u00adplex and sub\u00adjec\u00adtive, esti\u00admat\u00ading the num\u00adber of bats and birds shred\u00added by wind tur\u00adbines, though nev\u00ader pre\u00adcise, at least is tangible.<\/p>\n

Cli\u00admate sci\u00adence, on the oth\u00ader hand, is high\u00adly the\u00ado\u00adret\u00adi\u00adcal, based on algo\u00adrithms that pro\u00adfess to mod\u00adel impos\u00adsi\u00adbly com\u00adplex sys\u00adtems.  As such, it is inher\u00adent\u00adly \u201cbroad, spec\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtive [and] con\u00adjec\u00adtur\u00adal.\u201d  That doesn\u2019t mean the mod\u00adels are wrong; only that they are abstract and self-reinforcing.<\/p>\n

In this respect, cli\u00admate mod\u00adels resem\u00adble econo\u00admet\u00adric mod\u00adels that dri\u00adve the mon\u00ade\u00adtary poli\u00adcies set by the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Reserve and oth\u00ader cen\u00adtral banks.  Those mod\u00adels repeat\u00aded\u00adly yield the same result: accom\u00admoda\u00adtive mon\u00ade\u00adtary pol\u00adi\u00adcy will stim\u00adu\u00adlate eco\u00adnom\u00adic growth.  When the pre\u00addict\u00aded eco\u00adnom\u00adic growth dis\u00adap\u00adpoints despite these accom\u00admoda\u00adtive poli\u00adcies, the mod\u00adels tell econ\u00ado\u00admists that things would have turned out worse had the cen\u00adtral bank not inter\u00advened aggres\u00adsive\u00adly.  And so the Fed and its sis\u00adter banks con\u00adtin\u00adue to dou\u00adble down on low inter\u00adest rates and bloat\u00aded bal\u00adance sheets because their mod\u00adels sug\u00adgest that they should.  The mod\u00adels them\u00adselves nev\u00ader are ques\u00adtioned.  These hypo\u00adthet\u00adi\u00adcal cre\u00adations have become sub\u00adsti\u00adtute real\u00adi\u00adties, a dan\u00adger for any such mod\u00adel, includ\u00ading those used by climatologists..<\/p>\n

Enthu\u00adsi\u00adasms about cli\u00admate change among politi\u00adcians of the Left is at least par\u00adtial\u00adly attrib\u00adut\u00adable to how it rein\u00adforces the over\u00adar\u00adch\u00ading ide\u00ado\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal nar\u00adra\u00adtive favored by pro\u00adgres\u00adsives.  The Left has long viewed Amer\u00adi\u00adcans and Euro\u00adpeans as oppres\u00adsive and exploita\u00adtive, unjust\u00adly impos\u00ading eco\u00adnom\u00adic, mil\u00adi\u00adtary and cul\u00adtur\u00adal hege\u00admo\u00adny over much of the world\u2019s population.<\/p>\n

The the\u00ado\u00adry of glob\u00adal warm\u00ading extends this nar\u00adra\u00adtive from the polit\u00adi\u00adcal and eco\u00adnom\u00adic to the cos\u00admic.  When Amer\u00adi\u00adcans pow\u00ader their cars and gen\u00ader\u00adate elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty from fos\u00adsil fuels, they heat the plan\u00adet, melt glac\u00adi\u00aders, raise sea lev\u00adels and oth\u00ader\u00adwise wound nature.  It is con\u00adse\u00adquent\u00adly their duty to reduce their reliance on effi\u00adcient ener\u00adgy sources despite adverse eco\u00adnom\u00adic con\u00adse\u00adquences, not only to save the plan\u00adet, but to bring their liv\u00ading stan\u00addards more into line with the rest of the world.<\/p>\n

Curi\u00adous\u00adly, we do not hold non-West\u00adern coun\u00adtries to that same dis\u00adci\u00adpline.  The Oba\u00adma Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion last year cel\u00ade\u00adbrat\u00aded an envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal agree\u00adment<\/a> with Chi\u00adna under which the U.S. com\u00admit\u00adted to reduce its CO2<\/span> emis\u00adsions in 2025 to a lev\u00adel 26\u201328 per\u00adcent below 2005 lev\u00adels, while Chi\u00adna pledged to con\u00adtin\u00adue increase<\/em> its CO2<\/span> emis\u00adsions through 2030.   Sim\u00adi\u00adlar\u00adly, India made no com\u00admit\u00adment to reduc\u00ading CO2<\/span> emis\u00adsions in the agree\u00adment<\/a> it announced with the U.S. last Jan\u00adu\u00adary.  Evi\u00addent\u00adly, CO2<\/span> is a prob\u00adlem only when it emanates from the U.S. and Europe.<\/p>\n

That the cli\u00admate change nar\u00adra\u00adtive fits so seam\u00adless\u00adly with the pro\u00adgres\u00adsives\u2019 ten\u00adden\u00adcy to blame Amer\u00adi\u00adca for the world\u2019s ills does\u00adn\u2019t mean it\u2019s untrue. It may very well be that Amer\u00adi\u00adcans are pro\u00adpelling the plan\u00adet toward ruin.  It is just a bit odd that some major non-West\u00adern glob\u00adal pro\u00adduc\u00aders of green\u00adhouse gas\u00ades are being held to far less strin\u00adgent stan\u00addards than Amer\u00adi\u00adcans and Europeans.<\/p>\n

That may have some\u00adthing to do with the abstract nature of cli\u00admate change the\u00ado\u00adry.  The Chi\u00adnese and Indi\u00adan gov\u00adern\u00adments, unlike those in the West, are focused on the tan\u00adgi\u00adble and mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal.  Their pri\u00ador\u00adi\u00adty is to increase eco\u00adnom\u00adic growth and raise liv\u00ading stan\u00addards, which requires mas\u00adsive ener\u00adgy pro\u00adduc\u00adtion.  They are no doubt a bit per\u00adplexed that Amer\u00adi\u00adcan and Euro\u00adpean gov\u00adern\u00adments are so eager to bur\u00adden their own economies by lim\u00adit\u00ading cer\u00adtain forms of ener\u00adgy pro\u00adduc\u00adtion.  They are in no case inclined to join them.<\/p>\n

It may also help explain why many in our own coun\u00adtry object to gov\u00adern\u00adment actions that are based on cli\u00admate change fears.  Vir\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly every pol\u00adi\u00adcy rec\u00adom\u00admen\u00adda\u00adtion aris\u00ading from that con\u00adcern results in eco\u00adnom\u00adic dis\u00adlo\u00adca\u00adtion for some busi\u00adness\u00ades, some indus\u00adtries, some groups of work\u00aders.  These real-world effects are typ\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly ignored or dis\u00admissed by pol\u00adi\u00adcy\u00admak\u00aders, just as Oba\u00adma Admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtion offi\u00adcials over\u00adlooked the envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal effects of issu\u00ading 30-year per\u00admits to the wind indus\u00adtry.  Authors of such poli\u00adcies seem to believe that lost jobs, failed busi\u00adness\u00ades and damp\u00adened eco\u00adnom\u00adic growth are less impor\u00adtant than curb\u00ading America\u2019s con\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00adtion to cli\u00admate change.<\/p>\n

GOP<\/span> Pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adtial aspi\u00adrant Car\u00adly Fio\u00adr\u00adi\u00adna recent\u00adly acknowl\u00adedged that cli\u00admate change is a prob\u00adlem, but not\u00aded that gov\u00adern\u00adment respons\u00ades to it too often result in \u201cdestroy\u00ading people\u2019s lives and liveli\u00adhood<\/a>,<\/span>\u201d  while pro\u00adduc\u00ading lit\u00adtle envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal ben\u00ade\u00adfit. That no doubt will result in her being labeled a \u201cdenier,\u201d some\u00adone too dull to appre\u00adci\u00adate the urgency of reduc\u00ading reliance on car\u00adbon-based ener\u00adgy sources.  Then again, her insis\u00adtence that gov\u00adern\u00adment bal\u00adance the con\u00adcerns of cli\u00admate change the\u00ado\u00adrists with the prac\u00adti\u00adcal effects of their poli\u00adcies seems healthy.<\/p>\n

As is Judge Koh\u2019s deci\u00adsion to tem\u00adper cli\u00admate change enthu\u00adsi\u00adasms with a recog\u00adni\u00adtion of their adverse effects.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Two strains of envi\u00adron\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adism col\u00adlid\u00aded in a fed\u00ader\u00adal court\u00adroom this month, pit\u00adting pro\u00adtec\u00adtors of bald and gold\u00aden eagles against advo\u00adcates of the Oba\u00adma Administration\u2019s forced march toward wind pow\u00ader. The eagles won.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"nfd_image_url":"","nfd_onboarding_generated":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1210,1211,371,14,370],"tags":[1214,1218,766,1219,1213,84,1217,1215,1220,1216,1212],"class_list":["post-3707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change","category-environment","category-federal-reserve-economy","category-global-economy","category-monetary-policy","tag-climate-change","tag-dan-ashe","tag-eagles","tag-endangered-species-act","tag-environment","tag-federal-reserve","tag-fish-and-wildlife-service","tag-lucy-koh","tag-rachel-carson","tag-shearwater-v-ashe","tag-wind-turbines"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t